Climatology Data

Hottest Year on Record In India:

They are 2016, 2023, 2009, 2017 and 2010 (in descending order). New Delhi: The year 2023 ended as the second warmest on record for India since 1901, the India Meteorological Department said on Monday, noting that months of August and February were the warmest in the last 123 years.

March: The average maximum temperature of 33.10 degrees Celsius recorded in March 2022 is the highest ever in last 122 years, according a statement on Saturday by the India Meteorological Department. In March 2010, the country had recorded a maximum temperature of 33.09 degrees Celsius.

The IMD said the average maximum, minimum and mean temperatures for the country as a whole last month were 33.10 degrees C, 20.24 degrees C and 26.67 degrees C respectively, against the normal of 31.24 degrees C, 18.87 degrees C and 25.06 degrees C, respectively, based on the period 1981-2010. The country’s average mean temperature of 26.67 degrees C in March was the second highest after 26.671 degrees C recorded in March 2010.

The weather office attributed the unusually hot month to the absence of active western disturbance over north India and of any major easterly system over south India, causing subdued rainfall and very less thunderstorm activities over most parts of the country.

The rainfall recorded last month in the country as a whole was 8.9 mm, which was 71 per cent less than its long period average rainfall of 30.4 mm.

The countrywide average minimum temperature of 20.24 degrees Celsius in March this year was the third highest in 122 years.


Climate Change and Warning Models and Observations...By Roy Spencer PhD...Climatologist, Former NASA Scientist 

The most important thing to remember about climate models which are used to project future global warming is that they were “tuned” with the assumption I started this article with: that the climate system is in a natural state of energy balance, and that there is no long-term climate change unless humans cause it.

This is an arbitrary and illogical assumption. The climate system is an example of a “nonlinear dynamical system”, which means it can change all by itself. For example, slow changes in the rate of vertical overturning of the world’s oceans can cause global warming (or global cooling) with no “external forcing” of the climate system whatsoever.

Instead, the climate models are “tuned” to not produce natural climate change. If a 100-year run of the model produces change, the model is adjusted to removed the “drift”. The models do not produce global energy balance from “first physical principles”, because none of the processes controlling that balance are known to sufficient accuracy. Instead, the models are “fudged” to produce energy balance, based upon the modelers’ assumption of no natural climate change. Then, the models are used as “proof” that only increasing CO2 has caused recent warming.

This is circular reasoning.

I am not against modeling; models are necessary to understand complex processes in the climate system. But, while the models are useful and necessary tools for studying climate change, I do not think they can yet be relied upon for major changes in energy policy.

Believe it or not, very little research has ever been funded to search for natural mechanisms of warming…it has simply been assumed that global warming is manmade. This assumption is rather easy for scientists since we do not have enough accurate global data for a long enough period of time to see whether there are natural warming mechanisms at work.

It is simply what the climate system does. This is actually quite easy for meteorologists to believe, since we understand how complex weather processes are.


Bill Hunter says:

all this teeth gnashing over what models should be included just shows now unready for primetime the state of the models are.

projections need to be keyed to observations and far from it is that recommendation only coming from roy. dr curry and others have been calling for that for years.

its obvious that our policies should follow from real observations and not projections that nobody is in agreement with.

U.S.A. Temperature Trends, 1979-2023: Models vs. Observations

February 2nd, 2024 by Roy W. Spencer, Ph. D.

Updated through 2023, here is a comparison of the “USA48” annual surface air temperature trend as computed by NOAA (+0.27 deg. C/decade, blue bar) to those in the CMIP6 climate models for the same time period and region (red bars). Following Gavin Schmidt’s concern that not all CMIP6 models should be included in such comparisons, I am only including those models having equilibrium climate sensitivities in the IPCC’s “highly likely” range of 2 to 5 deg. C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.

Approximately 6 times as many models (23) have more warming than the NOAA observations than those having cooler trends (4). The model trends average 42% warmer than the observed temperature trends. As I allude to in the graph, there is evidence that the NOAA thermometer-based observations have a warm bias due to little-to-no adjustment for the Urban Heat Island effect, but our latest estimate of that bias (now in review at Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology) suggests the UHI effect in the U.S. has been rather small since about 1960.

Note I have also included our UAH lower tropospheric trend, even though I do not expect as good agreement between tropospheric and surface temperature trends in a regional area like the U.S. as for global, hemispheric, or tropical average trends. Theoretically, the tropospheric warming should be a little stronger than surface warming, but that depends upon how much positive water vapor feedback actually exists in nature (It is certainly positive in the atmospheric boundary layer where surface evaporation dominates, but it’s not obviously positive in the free-troposphere where precipitation efficiency changes with warming are largely unknown. I believe this is why there is little to no observational evidence of a tropical “hot spot” as predicted by models).

 now switch to a comparison for just the summer months (June, July, August), the discrepancy between climate model and observed warming trends is larger, with the model trends averaging 59% warmer than the observations:

Now switch to a comparison for just the summer months (June, July, August), the discrepancy between climate model and observed warming trends is larger, with the model trends averaging 59% warmer than the observations:

For the summer season, there are 26 models exhibiting warmer trends than the observations, and only 1 model with a weaker warming trend. The satellite tropospheric temperature trend is weakest of all.

Given that “global warming” is a greater concern in the summer, these results further demonstrate that the climate models depended upon for public policy should not be believed when it comes to their global warming projections.

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The rainfall in Kerala during the monsoon season is decreasing at the rate of 16.2mm/decade.

During the period 1901-2022, the wettest monsoon season was in the year 1924 when Kerala got 3115.3 mm rain, and the driest monsoon was in the year 1918 when Kerala got 1150.2 mm rain. Data source: IMD

Konkan Goa monsoon rainfall (1901-2022)

Konkan Goa subdivision rainfall is increasing at the rate of 61.8mm/decade in the monsoon season for the period 1901-2022.

Driest year was 1918 when konkan Goa subdivision got only 1051.7mm orain.
Wettest year was 2019 when Konkan Goa got 4385.8mm rain.


Mahabaleshwar rain 1 June - 26 August

See more on Dr.Vineet's Page 

Variation in the daily rainfall in Mahabaleshwar this season 

Number of days when rainfall in Mahabaleshwar this season is >100 mm = 20 days
Number of days when rainfall in Mahabaleshwar this season is >200mm = 2 days
Highest rainfall so far this season = 314.8mm on 20 July 2023



Data compiled by Vagarian Vineet Kumar (IITM Fellow Reseacher)








Mumbai June Rainfall Stats
Scruz ; From ToI

Colaba 2021 Total 695 mms> All time record for Colaba 1280 mms (1985)

Normal for Mumbai in June: 510 mms (AVG)


Extreme Rainfall in South Indian Jan 2021 and late withdrawal of NEM..An IMD Report










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A 2nd in the Series...1892...An indepth Study of very old Weather  Prevalence in the Indian Sub Continent....A detailed and Extensive Study and Compilation by Vagarian Shitij Jain from Surat.

Please Note: Normals mentioned are the Normals as on that Year. The " Normal Norms" are recalibrated very 30/60 years. Todays will vary with the given data.



1892 year, a year which will be remembered as very dry and hot winters, very dry and hot summers but good monsoon especially in last 2 months of monsoon. Temperature in all winter and summer months were excessively above normal just opposite of its last year 1891 when temperatures were excessively below normal in its winter and summer months. Below image shown are temperature data of various parts of India of January and Feb month (All data is in Fahrenheit. To convert it into Celsius just divide it by 1.8)


          Below attached image shows temperature data of March,April,May month of various parts of India. You can see how high the temperature were in 1st 5 months of the year especially in upper and western parts of India. (All data in Fahrenheit to convert it into Celsius just divide it by 1.8)

Temperature in March month itself become so high that it already touched to 43-46c range in most parts of N, W and central parts of India shattering many past records. 


  1. Deesa(Gujarat) 46c shattering 43c record of March 1880 

  2. Pachpadra (Rajputana) 45c shattering 44c record of March 1880

  3. Sirsa (Rajasthan) 44c shattering 39c record of March 1880

  4. Nagpur 45c shattering 43c record of March 1880 

  5. Rajkot 44c shattering 43c record of March 1880 

  6. Indore 41c shattering 40c record of March 1880.

  7. Jacodabad 44c shattering 43c record of March 1880


Same record breaking heat continues even in April shattering many past records 


  1. Deesa 46c shattering 44c record of April 1880 

  2. Dera Ismail khan 45c shattering 44c record of April 1880

  3. Nagpur 46c shattering 45c record of April 1879 

  4. Sholapur 44c shattering 43.7c record of April 1881 

  5. Rajamundhry(Madras) 44.5c shattering 43c record of April 1888

  6. Jacodabad 47c shattering 46c record of April 1880. 


In last week of April a small cyclonic storm of considerable intensity formed in Arabian sea and has made landfall over kathiawar (Sauarshtra) just to the west of Mandvi on May 1. The average velocity of wind between 10 am to 1:30 pm in Bhuj almost exceeded 100 miles per hour (161 km/h) causing the massive damage. In whole of Kutch 38 persons were killed while 141 people were wounded. About 98,000 houses were damaged, 30 boats were destroyed. About 1,26,000 trees were uprooted and 5,00,000 trees were much injured.


After first week of May temperature started rising considerably with some stations again breaking the past records while many other stations near to breaking its past records 


  1. Rajamundhry (Madras) 47c on 14th May shattering 46c record of May 1887 

  2. Cuddapah (Deccan) 45c on 14th and 16th May shattering 44c record of May 1886

  3. Jacodabad 49.4c. Earlier record 50.5c of May 1888 

  4. Lahore 48c. Earlier record 49c of May 1879

  5. Bikaner 45c on 21st and 31st May 

  6. Jeypore(Rajputana) 45c on 21st 

  7. Deesa 43c. Earlier record 47.4c of May 1881


In June month monsoon remained very poor especially the Arabian sea branch and so temperature remained above normal in most parts of upper and western India 

(Data given here is in Fahrenheit. To convert it into Celsius just divide it by 1.8.) So straight 6th month temperature remained above normal for upper and western India. Except deccan plateau and Madras whole India received scanty rain 


It seems summers is in no mood to leave India as straight 7th month India was under the grip of deadly heat shattering many past records  due to massive failure of monsoon.


  1. Dera Ismail khan 49c (10c above normal) shattering 47.5c record of July 1888 

  2. Lahore 47.3c.(9c above normal) Record not broken  (47.5c in July 1878)

  3. Peshawar 47c shattering 46c record of July 1887 

  4. Jacodabad 47c. Record not broken (48.6c in July 1878)

  5. Agra 46c(12.5c above normal) shattering 44c record of July 1868 


From the last week of July finally monsoon currents became strong and gave bountiful rain in almost all parts of India which continued even in August month 



Rainfall was largely in excess in all parts of India in August month as can be seen in above image giving much relief from prolonged heat waves. Many flood events occurred in Punjab and Sindh in August month. Nothing remarkable happened in September and October month.


North East monsoon which gives rainfall to South east coast in November and December month  completely failed. 

As you can see whole SE coast of India were largely in deficit. Even in December month north east monsoon failed considerably. 




A 1st in the Series...December 1890, January, February and March 1891An indepth Study of very old Weather  Prevalence in the Indian Sub Continent....A detailed and Extensive Study and Compilation by Vagarian Shitij Jain from Surat.

Please Note: Normals mentioned are the Normals as on that Year. The " Normal Norms" are recalibrated very 30/60 years. Todays will vary with the given data.

During the month of December 1890, January, February and March 1891 large number of winter storms appeared over North India dumping large amount of rain and snow over the plains and hills of North India. Precipitation was excessively above normal in these 4 months. Here is the precipitation data



Due to these excessive precipitation temperature was largely below normal in all these winter months especially March month mostly in upper part of India. Temperature in March month was so low that it was almost equal to normal temperature which usually prevail in January month. Even the hot weather months i.e. April and May month were also below normal so temperature of all 1st 5 months i.e. from January to May were below normal. See how low the day temp were at that period of time
   
                          January     Feb     March   April    May

Punjab.             (-) 2c.      (-) 3c.    (-) 5c.     (-)1c.   (-)1c
NW province.   (-)1c.     (-)2c.     (-)4c.     (-)0.4c.  (-)0.4
Rajputana.        (-)1c.    (-)2c.     (-)1c.    Normal  (-)0.2
Central India.    (-)1c.    (-)1c.     (-)3c.    Normal (-)0.3

Hills were infact much more cooler. Here are the data 

1. Murree. Jan.    Feb.   March 
    Max.      (-)2c.  (-)4c.  (-)6c
    Min.       (-)1c.  (-)3c.  (-)5c
2. Quetta
    Max.      (-)2c.   (-)4c.  (-)4c
    Min.      (+)0.5c.  0c.    (-)3c
3. Shimla 
    Max.     (-)0.5c.  (-)4c.   (-)6c
    Min.     (+)1c.     (-)2c.   (-)4c
4. Kailang 
   Daily.      (-)1c.     (-)1c.   (-)3c
5. Leh 
    Daily.   (+)0.5c.   (-)2c.   (-)3c

From last week of May temperature started rising considerably and weather remain excessively hot till last week of July 

1.Dera Ismail khan 49.3c on 14th July which was 11c above normal 
2. Montgomery 49c on 23rd July 
3. Khushab 48.4c on 15th July
4. Jacodabad 48.3c on 22nd July which was  7c above normal 

Due to late establishment of monsoon current rainfall remain largely in deficit over most parts of India except Burma. Here is the rainfall data 








Compiled the data of Lonavla for the year 1915-2019. .By Abhijit Modak (Badlapur)
For konkan and Goa 

1871-80: 2389 mm
1881-90: 2555 mm
1891-00: 2481 mm
1901-10: 2229 mm
1911-20: 2323 mm
1921-30: 2372 mm
1931-40: 2786 mm

1941-50: 2513 mm
1951-60: 2972 mm
1961-70: 2624 mm
1971-80: 2520 mm
1981-90: 2695 mm
1991-00: 2715 mm
2001-10: 2856 mm
2011-16: 2791 mm
2011-19: 3024 mm


Here is the list below for decade avg:
1915-1919: 4115 mm
1920-1929: 4618 mm
1930-1939: 4774 mm
1940-1949: 4565 mm
1950-1959: 4709 mm
1960-1969: 4615 mm
1970-1979: 4814 mm
1980-1989: 4591 mm
1990-1999: 5072 mm
2000-2009: 5202 mm
2010-2019: 4852 mm

Lonavla, Maharashtra Climatology Rainfall trend for every 30 yrs:

1915-1930: 4457 mm
1931-1960: 4682 mm
1961-1990: 4759 mm
1991-2019: 4972 mm

Regional Rainfall Data Decade wise..Compiled by Vagarian Shitij Jain (Surat)
                                               ⇊                     ↡
For Haryana, Chandigarh&Delhi   (Annual) 
1871-80: 554 mm
1881-90: 564 mm
1891-00: 533 mm
1901-10: 502 mm
1911-20: 538 mm
1921-30: 528 mm
1931-40: 511 mm
1941-50: 556 mm
1951-60: 599 mm
1961-70: 593 mm
1971-80: 612 mm
1981-90: 565 mm
1991-00: 589 mm
2001-10: 564 mm
2011-16: 459 mm

Haryana Chandigarh and Delhi (non monsoon months)
1871-80: 102 mm
1881-90: 85 mm
1891-00: 97 mm
1901-10: 92 mm
1911-20: 119 mm
1921-30: 93 mm
1931-40: 90 mm
1941-50: 88 mm
1951-60: 122 mm
1961-70: 79 mm
1971-80: 89 mm
1981-90: 123 mm
1991-00: 107 mm
2001-10: 115 mm
2011-16: 95 mm


Chattisgarh  (Annual)
1871-80: 1339 mm
1881-90: 1417 mm
1891-00: 1464 mm
1901-10: 1330 mm
1911-20: 1380 mm
1921-30: 1402 mm
1931-40: 1532 mm
1941-50: 1506 mm
1951-60: 1386 mm
1961-70: 1291 mm
1971-80: 1271 mm
1981-90: 1186 mm
1991-00: 1236 mm
2001-10: 1237 mm
2011-16: 1368 mm

East U.P. (Annual)
1871-80: 987 mm
1881-90: 1053 mm
1891-00: 1105 mm
1901-10: 944 mm
1911-20: 997 mm
1921-30: 1091 mm
1931-40: 1064 mm
1941-50: 1055 mm
1951-60: 1052 mm
1961-70: 966 mm
1971-80: 1026 mm
1981-90: 1069 mm
1991-00: 925 mm
2001-10: 888 mm
2011-16: 852 mm

West U.P. (Annual)
1871-80: 881 mm
1881-90: 942 mm
1891-00: 920 mm
1901-10: 802 mm
1911-20: 795 mm
1921-30: 879 mm
1931-40: 864 mm
1941-50: 884 mm
1951-60: 948 mm
1961-70: 916 mm
1971-80: 874 mm
1981-90: 870 mm
1991-00: 858 mm
2001-10: 808 mm
2011-16: 718 mm


Punjab    (Annual)
1871-80: 608 mm
1881-90: 605 mm
1891-00: 646 mm
1901-10: 600 mm
1911-20: 609 mm
1921-30: 545 mm
1931-40: 566 mm
1941-50: 663 mm
1951-60: 694 mm
1961-70: 682 mm
1971-80: 774 mm
1981-90: 645 mm
1991-00: 633 mm
2001-10: 533 mm
2011-16: 511 mm


West M.P.  (Annual)                                                      
1871-80: 998 mm
1881-90: 1000 mm
1891-00: 911 mm
1901-10: 815 mm
1911-20: 884 mm
1921-30: 875 mm
1931-40: 1043 mm
1941-50: 1085 mm
1951-60: 967 mm
1961-70: 950 mm
1971-80: 1002 mm
1981-90: 935 mm
1991-00: 961 mm
2001-10: 855 mm
2011-16: 1092 mm

East M.P.
1871-80: 1271 mm
1881-90: 1365 mm
1891-00: 1273 mm
1901-10: 1177 mm
1911-20: 1287 mm
1921-30: 1306 mm
1931-40: 1336 mm
1941-50: 1334 mm
1951-60: 1249 mm
1961-70: 1181 mm
1971-80: 1236 mm
1981-90: 1188 mm
1991-00: 1206 mm
2001-10: 1078 mm
2011-16: 1265 mm


From Vagarian Puneet (Dombivali)

Regional Rainfall Data Decade wise..Compiled by Vagarian Shitij Jain (Surat)
                                               ⇊                     ↡
Saurashtra and Kutch    (Annual)                    
1871-80: 440 mm                                                   
1881-90: 528 mm
1891-00: 496 mm
1901-10: 422 mm
1911-20: 459 mm
1921-30: 447 mm
1931-40: 401 mm
1941-50: 472 mm
1951-60: 549 mm
1961-70: 486 mm
1971-80: 484 mm
1981-90: 425 mm
1991-00: 420 mm
2001-10: 626 mm
2011-16: 550 mm

For Kerala (Annual)
1871-80: 2836 mm
1881-90: 2622 mm
1891-00: 2631 mm
1901-10: 2863 mm
1911-20: 2930 mm
1921-30: 3062 mm
1931-40: 2918 mm
1941-50: 3002 mm
1951-60: 2865 mm
1961-70: 2819 mm
1971-80: 2882 mm
1981-90: 2555 mm
1991-00: 2906 mm
2001-10: 2691 mm
2011-16: 2569 mm

Coastal Karnatak (Annual)
1871-80: 3244 mm                         
1881-90: 3206 mm
1891-00: 3052 mm
1901-10: 3176 mm
1911-20: 2976 mm
1921-30: 3216 mm
1931-40: 3348 mm
1941-50: 3381 mm
1951-60: 3328 mm
1961-70: 3436 mm
1971-80: 3459 mm
1981-90: 3345 mm     All The Rainfall Data by Vagarian Shitij Jain (Surat)
1991-00: 3563 mm
2001-10: 3453 mm
2011-16: 3146 mm

Madhya Maharashtra (monsoon)
1871-80: 611 mm
1881-90: 605 mm
1891-00: 575 mm
1901-10: 567 mm
1911-20: 544 mm
1921-30: 536 mm
1931-40: 594 mm
1941-50: 599 mm
1951-60: 579 mm
1961-70: 609 mm
1971-80: 565 mm
1981-90: 569 mm
1991-00: 564 mm
2001-10: 661 mm

2011-16: 545 mm



For Madhya Maharashtra (Jan to May)                    
1871-80: 54 mm
1881-90: 43 mm
1891-00: 60 mm
1901-10: 44 mm
1911-20: 52 mm
1921-30: 45 mm
1931-40: 47 mm
1941-50: 50 mm
1951-60: 60 mm
1961-70: 56 mm
1971-80: 44 mm
1981-90: 42 mm
1991-00: 44 mm
2001-10: 40 mm
2011-16: 44 mm

Gujarat Region (Annual)
1871-80: 934 mm
1881-90: 955 mm
1891-00: 937 mm
1901-10: 821 mm
1911-20: 880 mm
1921-30: 902 mm
1931-40: 889 mm
1941-50: 1002 mm
1951-60: 1005 mm
1961-70: 845 mm
1971-80: 874 mm
1981-90: 841 mm
1991-00: 858 mm
2001-10: 993 mm
2011-16: 909 mm

Madhya Maharashtra (Jan to May)
1871-80: 54 mm
1881-90: 43 mm
1891-00: 60 mm
1901-10: 44 mm
1911-20: 52 mm
1921-30: 45 mm
1931-40: 47 mm
1941-50: 50 mm
1951-60: 60 mm
1961-70: 56 mm
1971-80: 44 mm
1981-90: 42 mm
1991-00: 44 mm
2001-10: 40 mm
2011-16: 44 mm

Post monsoon rainfall( Oct to Dec) for Madhya Maharashtra 
1871-80: 80 mm
1881-90: 156 mm
1891-00: 109 mm
1901-10: 73 mm
1911-20: 107 mm
1921-30: 88 mm
1931- 40: 143 mm
1941-50: 105 mm
1951-60: 121 mm
1961-70: 94 mm
1971-80: 102 mm
1981-90: 96 mm
1991-00: 123 mm
2001-10: 92 mm
2011-16: 81 mm


Vidarbha  (Annual)

1871-80: 1011 mm
1881-90: 1235 mm
1891-00: 1079 mm
1901-10: 1057 mm
1911-20: 1055 mm
1921-30: 1015 mm
1931-40: 1265 mm
1941-50: 1108 mm
1951-60: 1102 mm
1961-70: 1087 mm
1971-80: 1032 mm
1981-90: 1080 mm
1991-00: 1052 mm
2001-10: 1042 mm
2011-16: 1089 mm


Cherrapunji Annual Rainfall from 1901 compiled per Decade...by Vagarian Shitij Jain (Surat)

1901-191010257
1911-192011057
1921=193010605
1931-194011143
1941-195010915
1951-196012441
1961-197010503
1971-198011689
1981-199012242
1991-200012127
2001-201011162
2011-201910166
in  mms

The last column has the year 2020 still pending...(The above table has been added to Vagaries Extreme Blog on Monsoon Page..and will get updated there)
Over the decades, I do not see major variations or Rise/Fall in the rainfall..Your comments please   

For Odisha (Annual)

1871-80:   1451 mm                     
1881-90:   1497 mm
1891-00:   1513 mm
1901-10:   1451 mm
1911-20:   1490 mm
1921-30:   1491 mm
1931-40:   1590 mm
1941-50:   1542 mm
1951-60:   1507 mm
1961-70:   1415 mm
1971-80:   1309 mm
1981-90:   1458 mm
1991-00:   1398 mm
2001-10:   1506 mm
2011-16:   1482 mm

All Information compiled by Vag. Shitij




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